Losses in quadrant edge orifice meters

Using Smart Meters to Estimate Low Voltage Losses

Losses on low voltage networks are often substantial. For example, in the UK they have been estimated as being 4% of the energy supplied by low voltage networks. However, the breakdown of the losses to individual conductors and their split over time are poorly understood as generally only the peak demands and average loads over several months have been recorded. The introduction of domestic sma...

Frequency response of variable orifice type peak flow meters: requirements and testing.

Little is known about the response of variable orifice peak flow meters to high frequency flow input. The purpose of this study was to define and test dynamic requirements for such peak flow meters. In a population sample we measured peak expiratory flow (PEF), rise time (tr), from 10-90% PEF and the duration of the flow in excess of 97.5, 95 and 90% of PEF, by use of a carefully calibrated Fle...

Estimating the Reflection Losses in the Passband of Edge Filters

Edge filters which block one spectral region and pass an adjacent region are normally constructed with periodic stacks of high and low index layers of equal quarter wave optical thickness at the center wavelength of the blocked band. A preliminary and a subsequent aperiodic structure of several layers which minimize the reflectance in the passband are usually needed to transition from the effec...

Comparative Analysis of Turbulent Plane Jets from a Sharp-Edged Orifice, a Beveled-Edge Orifice and a Radially Contoured Nozzle

This article investigates through experiments the flow characteristics of plane jets from sharp-edged orifice-plate, beveled-edge and radially contoured nozzle. The first two configurations exhibit saddle-backed velocity profiles while the third shows a top-hat. A vena contracta is found for the jet emanating from orifice at x/h ≈ 3 while the contoured case displays a potential core extending t...

Assessment of temperature rise suppression by edge losses during irradiation.